Device for concentrating energy

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to solar-energy engineering and can find application in solar power plants of the kind of “tracking saucer”, “pan” and “solar tower” and in other similar systems. 
     The technical result obtained by the application of the present invention consists to improve the accessibility of the technology, to simplify the adjustment and to avoid existing strict limitations as to the size of the mirror system. 
     Said technical result is achieved thanks to the fact that a device for concentrating energy comprising a main concentrator and an energy converter comprises an additional concentrator mounted in the focal zone of the main concentrator, the energy converter being mounted in the focal zone of the additional concentrator, whereas the additional concentrator is designed as a segment of a concave cylindrical or spherical surface. At the same time, the main concentrator can be made as a collection of flat mirrors oriented in a way to let the reflected ray axe pass by the center of the sphere or by the cylinder axe of the additional concentrator. The flat mirrors can be mounted at an angle to the horizon, equal to the half geographic latitude of the device location site, and the energy converter can be made as a heat exchanger or as a distributed system of active or passive elements. 
     Besides, the main concentrator surface supporting the flat mirrors can be made spherical or cylindrical, with a radius equal to a double distance between its surface and the sphere center or the cylinder axe of the additional concentrator. 
     Said technical result is achieved as well thanks to the fact that the heat exchanger can be comprised of at least two parts and can be made as a spherical ring or an annular spherical plate.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to solar-energy engineering and can find application in solar power plants of the kind of “tracking saucer”, “pan” and “solar tower” and in other similar systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The background of the invention discloses various devices designed to concentrate solar energy.

In particular, one can mention a solar heater described in the Author's certificate SU 1615484, published on 23 Dec. 1990, comprising a fixed semispherical reflector and a fixed heat absorber. A drawback of this technical solution resides in its low efficiency.

As to the combination of essential features, the closest to the claimed device is a solar energy concentrator disclosed in the Author's certificate SU 1347068, published on 23 Oct. 1987, comprising a main and an additional concentrators and an energy converter. The drawbacks of this technical solution are its technological and operational complexity as well as its poor efficiency.

SUMMARY

The task to be solved by the present invention consists to simplify the design and to reduce its cost as well as to increase its efficiency.

The technical result obtained by the application of the present invention consists to improve the accessibility of the technology, to simplify the adjustment and to avoid existing strict limitations as to the size of the mirror system.

Said technical result is achieved thanks to the fact that a device for concentrating energy comprising a main concentrator and an energy converter comprises an additional concentrator mounted in the focal zone of the main concentrator, the energy converter being mounted in the focal zone of the additional concentrator, whereas the additional concentrator is designed as a segment of a concave cylindrical or spherical surface. At the same time, the main concentrator can be made as a collection of flat mirrors oriented in a way to let the reflected ray axe pass by the center of the sphere or by the cylinder axe of the additional concentrator, and the energy converter can be made as a heat exchanger or as a distributed system of active or passive elements. The flat mirrors can be mounted at an angle to the horizon, equal to the half geographic latitude of the device location site.

Besides, the main concentrator surface supporting the flat mirrors can be made spherical or cylindrical, with a radius equal to a double distance between its surface to the sphere center or to the cylinder axe of the additional concentrator.

Said technical result is achieved as well thanks to the fact that the heat exchanger can be comprised of at least two parts and can be made as a spherical ring or an annular spherical plate.

As separate mirror systems, use is generally made of common flat mirrors that are many times cheaper and more easily available than spherical parabolic mirrors. As an energy concentrator located on a tower, use is made of a mirror under the form of a truncated sphere segment or a truncated cylinder. The flat mirrors are oriented in such a way to let the reflected ray axe pass by the center of the concentrator sphere or by the cylinder axe of the additional concentrator. At the same time, the formation of the focal zone of the spherical or cylindrical concentrator does not depend on the location precision of the system flat mirrors, as to the distance and to their horizontal position. It is necessary to provide an accurate adjustment of flat mirrors only in relation to the angles. It enables to build any location configuration of the flat mirrors, for example, their plane disposition, in comparison with the spherical mirrors disposition that should be performed with a very high precision as to the focal point of the system in relation to the angles, to the horizontal position and to the distance to the focus. The most efficient configuration for the disposition of the flat mirrors on the main concentrator, from the point of view of simplicity, of their adjustment precision in relation to the angles and their attachment will be to place them on the sphere or the cylinder, the radius of which will be equal to a double distance from the surface of this spherical or cylindrical surface to the sphere center or to the cylinder axe of the additional concentrator.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is illustrated by some drawings where:

FIG. 1 shows the general view of the power plant structure, in the case of a “tracking saucer”;

FIG. 2 is a general view of the device, a “tracking saucer”—type, with the annular disposition of the flat mirrors and with a heat exchanger made as a spherical ring;

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of the device, a side view;

FIG. 4 shows the view A of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a general view of the “pan”-type device;

FIG. 6 is a general view of the “pan”-type device with the mirrors turned at an angle equal to a half geographic latitude of the device location site;

FIG. 7 is a general view of the “pan”-type device with the flat mirrors located on the pan edges and with a heat exchanger made of two parts, each of them being in the form of a part of a volumetric cylinder;

FIG. 8 is a general view of a “solar tower”-type device with an additional spherical concentrator mounted on the tower, and with a small-sized heat exchanger;

FIG. 9 is a drawing to explain the calculation of the focal distance.

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

In the application of the claimed device for concentrating solar radiation, it is advisable to use common, available flat mirrors sized from 0.1×0.1 m to 4×4 m to be mounted onto a sphere with a radius from 1 to 100 m or onto a cylinder with a width of 5 to 100 m. It is advisable to use a spherical or cylindrical concentrator with the radius of 0.2 to 10 m and with the size of 0.4 to 20 meters and more.

FIG. 9 is a drawing to explain the calculation of the focal distance FP for a concave spherical or cylindrical concentrator with the radius R for a beam falling onto the concentrator in parallel with the main optical axe, at a distance “a” from the same. The geometrical configuration of the job is made clear by the Figure. In an isosceles triangle AOF it is easy to express the side OF through the base OA=R, and the neighboring angle α:

${OF} = {\frac{R}{2\; \cos \; \alpha}.}$

From the right-angled triangle OBA one can find:

${\cos \; \alpha} = {\frac{AB}{R} = {\frac{\sqrt{R^{2} - a^{2}}}{R}.{Then}}}$ ${OF} = {\frac{R^{2}}{2\sqrt{R^{2} - a^{2}}}.}$

The unknown focal distance from the point F to the pole P:

${FP} = {{R - {OF}} = {{R\left( {1 - \frac{R}{2\sqrt{R^{2} - a^{2}}}} \right)}.}}$

This equation is for the focal zone of the spherical or cylindrical concentrator. The more the distance “a” from the axe to the parallel beam, the farther the focus moves to the concentrator. In the case of a concentrator with R=1.5 m for “a”=0.5 m, the displacement of the focus will be 3.0 cm, and for “a”=1.0 m the focus displacement will be 25.4 cm. The maximum distance from the axe to the last parallel beam “a” will be 1.0 m, since the size of the flat mirror is 2×2 m. The calculations provided are carried out for one main optical axe. Since the question is of a sphere or a cylinder, there can be a multitude of main optical axes from the sphere or cylinder center to the surface in the limits of the concentrator angular aperture.

Thus, the radiation of all the flat mirrors sized 2×2 m onto a portion of the same size of the additional spherical or cylindrical concentrator, through its center, in the limits of its angular aperture enables to form a volumetric spherical or cylindrical zone starting at the distance R/2 from the additional concentrator and with the depth of 25.4 cm to the concentrator side. The radiation concentration will be maximal at the distance R/2 from the additional concentrator. From the center, at a distance from the additional concentrator of more than R/2, no concentrated radiation will be observed. From the additional concentrator side, at a distance lower than 25.4 cm to the last, no concentrated radiation will be observed either.

In this case, the focal zone of the additional spherical or cylindrical concentrator will have an internal curvature R=0.75 m and the depth of 0.254 m, where a spherical or cylindrical heat exchanger could be mounted.

1. A “Tracking Saucer”-Type Power Plant

The device disclosed in the present invention considers the sizes of plates to mount flat mirrors with a diameter from 10 to 40 meters and more. In the existing “Tracking saucer”-type power plants, the mirror diameter, as a rule, does not exceed 12 meters.

For these sizes and for the number of flat mirrors from 20 to 300, the number of optical axes will be as well from 20 to 300.

The device operates as follows. Flat common mirrors 1 mounted opposite an additional spherical concentrator 2 on a working antenna field of a main concentrator 3 with a radius equal to a double distance from the sphere surface to the additional concentrator center, and oriented in such a way to let the reflected beam axe of each mirror pass through the center of the additional concentrator sphere, reflect the solar light. Considering the high number of the main concentrator mirrors, the whole energy is concentrated in the focal zone of an additional spherical concentrator 4, where a heat exchanger is mounted.

For an additional spherical concentrator radius of 1.5 m, the heat exchanger volume will be up to 140 liters. Taking into consideration that this volume can be the object of the effect of 80 to 1200 m² of active reflecting surface, the volumetric character of the focal zone becomes an advantage, compared to a point, in the case of a parabola. A part of the flat mirror energy, from 18 to 25%, will be concentrated directly on this volume located in the focal zone, the remaining part of energy being concentrated on the same volume by the additional spherical concentrator, but from the other side.

In the case if no mirrors are disposed in the spherical surface center of the main concentrator, there is a possibility to make the construction of the heat exchanger as a volumetric spherical ring, which will reduce its volume.

2. Cylindrical “Pan”-Type Power Plant

The device according to the present invention can be used as well in electric power plants with mirrors in the form of a cylindrical parabolic pan. Then, instead of a cylindrical parabola, the main concentrator 3 under the form of a cylinder 3 with the radius of curvature equal to a double distance from the cylinder surface to the center of the additional concentrator is mounted. Instead of mirrors with a parabolic form, flat mirrors 1 are mounted with a size, for example, of 2×2 m, that are oriented in such a way to let the reflected beam axe pass through the cylinder axe of the additional concentrator 2. The additional concentrator is of a cylindrical form with the radius of 1.5 m. The heat exchanger 4 has as well a cylindrical form with an internal radius of 0.75 m and a thickness of up to 25.4 cm. The volume of liquid in the heat exchanger can be of up to 150 l per running meter. In the case of using mirrors with the size of 1×2-4 m, the size of the additional concentrator and of the heat exchanger can be reduced by two times. Then, for the same size of the general mirror system in the main concentrator, the volume of liquid in one running meter of the heat exchanger will be of up to 40 l.

The width of the main concentrator under the form of a cylindrical pan comprised of flat mirrors can be from 10 m to 40 m and more. In the known projects, the width of the pans, as a rule, is not more than 6-8 m.

Since in the present system the arrangement of the flat mirrors 1 does not depend on the distance to the additional concentrator, all the individual mirrors can be arranged in the pan not in a parallel way to the surface of the Earth, but at an angle to the horizon, equal to the half of the geographic latitude of the device location site. In this case, solar radiation will fall perpendicular to the heat exchanger plus-minus 23°, which will increase the efficiency of the whole system, in particular in winter time, and at the device location in latitudes higher than 30°.

In some cases, the flat mirrors are mounted only on the edges of the main concentrator in the form of a cylindrical pan, and at the shaded side (in the cylinder center), no mirrors will be placed. In this case, the heat exchanger is made as a volumetric cylinder comprised of two separate parts.

3. “Solar Tower”-Type Electric Power Plant

In the case of mounting a concentrator 5 under the form of a truncated segment of the spherical surface 2 onto the tower, while orienting the flat mirrors 1 in such a way to let the reflected beam axe pass through the sphere center of the additional concentrator 2, one can either increase by several times the area of every individual, computer-controlled flat mirror 1, or reduce rather sharply the area and the volume of the heat exchanger 4.

In this case, the spherical additional concentrator can collect solar light from a plurality of mirrors with a large area in a sector of up to 120°.

With this, taking into consideration that the flat mirrors can take horizontally a sector of up to 120°, and vertically of maximum 45°, it is advisable to build the additional concentrator in the form of a truncated part of a spherical surface extended horizontally and limited in size vertically. Then, respectively, the heat exchanger volume will be substantially reduced. 

1. Device for concentrating energy, comprising a main concentrator and an energy converter, wherein it comprises an additional concentrator mounted in the focal zone of the main concentrator, and the energy converter is mounted in the focal zone of the additional concentrator, the additional concentrator being made as a segment of a concave cylindrical or spherical surface.
 2. Device of claim 1, wherein the main concentrator is made as a collection of flat mirrors oriented in a way to let the reflected ray axe pass by the center of the sphere or by the cylinder axe of the additional concentrator.
 3. Device of claim 1, wherein the energy converter is made as a heat exchanger.
 4. Device of claim 1, wherein the energy converter is made as a distributed system of active or passive elements.
 5. Device of claim 1, wherein the main concentrator surface supporting the flat mirrors is made spherical or cylindrical, with a radius equal to a double distance between its surface and the sphere center or the cylinder axe of the additional concentrator.
 6. Device of claim 1, wherein the flat mirrors are mounted at an angle to the horizon, equal to the half geographic latitude of the device location site.
 7. Device of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger is composed of two parts at least.
 8. Device of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger is made as a spherical ring or an annular spherical plate. 